Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Department of Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Annaba, Annaba, Algeria

Abstract

The main objective of this work is to study the oxidation of naphthol blue black (NBB) in aqueous solution by hydrogen peroxide using a recyclable Dawson type heteropolyanion [H1.5Fe1.5P2W12Mo6O61.23H2O] as catalyst.
The effects of various experimental parameters of the oxidation reaction of the dye were investigated. The mineralization of the dye was investigated by the total organic carbon (TOC) measurement in optimum conditions.
The influence of the catalyst nature (Dawson- type iron -substituted heteropolyanion) and (Dawson- type copper -substituted heteropolyanion) on the oxidation process was investigated. The catalytic oxidation using a recyclable heteropolyanions as catalysts is an economically and environmentally friendly process to remove the toxicity of the recalcitrant compounds in water.

Keywords

INTRODUCTION

Among the water consuming industries in large quantity, the textile industry is found at the top of the list, constituting a major source of water pollution. The waters released by the textile mills usually are highly concentrated colorants, usually with little to no degradable potential, making biological treatments hardly applicable. Therefore, it is necessary to find alternative techniques of biodegradable efficiency and that are also cost-effective. The last twenty years there has been much work published that is devoted to the emergence of new treatment processes; among which is advanced oxidation processes.

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an alternative method for the degradation of many organic pollutants [1, 2, 3]. (AOP)s are oxidation processes which generate hydroxyl radicals (OH.) that are very effective at degrading organic pollutants because of their strong oxidizing capabilities. One of them is the homogeneous Fenton process, which is widely studied as an alternative for the treatment of industrial waste water containing non-biodegradable organic pollutants [4, 5, 6].

But often this method needs ultra filtration for the separation of catalyst; it is an especially big problem when applying it for treating large waste streams. The use of a recyclable heteropolyanions as catalysts in oxidation of organic dyes by hydrogen peroxide may provide the best alternative approach to solve this problem.

The heteropolyanions, molecular oxides to the properties, are many and varied, in both the homogeneous phase and the heterogeneous phase. These compounds, which are fully minerals, are generally easy to synthesize from simple and little polluting reagents [7, 8].

Heteropolyanions with Dawson structure [9] may be promising catalysts in homogeneous and heterogeneous systems because their redox and acidic properties can be controlled at both the atomic and molecular levels. Dawson-type heteropolyanions are formidable catalysts, which have proved their effectiveness in many reactions of oxidation [10, 11, 12]. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use Dawson-type heteropolyanions as environmentally catalysts due to their unique properties such as high solubility in polar solvents and fairly high thermal stability in solid state, low cost, ease of preparation and ease of recyclability [13].

 In this study, we report a detailed discussion on the oxidative degradation of Naphthol blue black (NBB) in aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide and a Dawson-type heteropolyanion as catalyst.

This reaction is part of the depollution of water, in particular to the treatment of discharged water by the textile industry, soiled by the organic dyes. The choice of the naphthol blue black is dictated by the fact that it is an azo dye which presents a high toxicity to the environment because of the presence of phenolic, anilino, naphthalene and sulfonated groups, (see Fig.1)

NBB is an industrially important acidic diazo dye, which has a high photo- and thermal- stability [14].

Due to its high degree of reaction to light, the commercial grades of naphthol blue black (NBB) are widely used in the textile industry for dyeing wool, nylon, silk and textile printing. Other industrial use includes coloring of soaps, anodized aluminum and casein, wood stains and writing ink preparation [14].

The degradation and removal of NBB dye was investgated by several authors in the literature

Ferkous et al. [15] used ultrasound for the degradation on NBB dye, in this study (5 mg L-1) NBB was completely destroyed after 45 min of sonication. The photoelectrochemical degradation of NBB dye using different semiconductor electrodes was studied. A higher photoelectrocatalytic activity has been observed for WO3 film electrodes, prepared by electrodeposition, than for TiO2 nanoparticulate film electrodes [16]. The heterogeneous photocatalysis degradation of NBB in the presence of zirconia-supported Ti-substituted Keggine –type polyoxometalates [17] And synthesized nanocomposite polyaniline-coated oxide (PTO) [18] was also performed. Moreover, we have investigated the degradation of NBB dye by H2O2 using Dawson-type Fe(III)- substituted heteropolyanion (α2P2W12Mo5O61Fe)7- as catalyst. This compound was synthesized by the addition of iron on the lacunary heteropolyanion (α2P2W12Mo5O62)10-[19]. The optimal values of operating parameters during the oxidation of the NBB dye by the Fe(III)P2W12MO5/H2O2system are pH: 3, [NBB]0 =10 mg/L, Catalyst (α2P2W12Mo5Fe)7- mass : 0.3g,  [H2O2]0= : 2m M.

In this work, we have investigated the removal of NBB dye from water by H2O2 using HFe2.5P2W12Mo6O62, 22H2O (HPA Fe3+). This catalyst was synthetized by the addition of Fe3+  ions to the  Dawson acid form H6P2W12-Mo6O6224H2O[20].The influence of different parameters such as the initial pH, the initial H2O2 concentration, the catalyst mass, and the initial dye concentration   have also been studied.  The mineralization of the dye was investigated by the total organic carbon (TOC) measurement in optimum conditions.

Even the effect of using the heteropolyanion (HPA Fe3+) as a catalyst on the oxidation of NBB has been compared with a copper substituted heteropolyanion [H1.2Cu2.4P2W12Mo6O61.21H2O] (HPACu).

 

 

Fig. 1:  Developed formula of Naphtol blue black (NBB)

 

 

EXPERIMENTAL SECTION

Reagents

The catalyst HFe1,5P2W12Mo6O61 22H2Owas prepared starting from H6P2W12Mo6O62 24H2O according to the following protocol [20].

5g (1.2 mmol) of H6P2W12Mo6O62 were dissolved in 20 ml of water at room temperature and 0,541g (3.56 mmol) of solid FeCl6H2O was then added. The mixture was stirred for 10 min. Dark yellow powder of (HPA Fe3+) was obtained after five days by slow evaporation.

The heteropolyanion precursor H6P2W12Mo6 O6224H2O was synthesized according to published procedure [21].

 

 

Fig. 2: Effet of solution pH on NBB oxidation (Ci=30mg/L, [H2O2]=0.005m M, catalyst mass=0.05g)

 

Naphthol blue black (abbreviation: NBB; class: azo,C.I. number:13025, molecular formula: C14H14N3SO3Na) was used as a compound model. It is also known as [Noir amido 10 B, Acid Black 1, Buffalo Black NBR]. Naphtol blue black was supplied by Fluka. Its molecular structure is shown in (Fig. 2). (H2O2 35%, W/W) was obtained from Merck. All other reagents (NaOH , HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and H3PO4) that are used in this study were analytical grade.

 

Procedure - analysis

The initial concentration of NBB solution was 30 mg L-1 for all experiments, except for those carried out to examine the effect of initial dye concentration. In all experiments 100 mL of NBB solution containing the appropriate quantity of catalyst and H2O2 was magnetically stirred at room temperature. The pH of the reaction was adjusted by using 0.1N of acids (H2SO4, HNO3, HCl and H3PO4) or NaOH aqueous solutions. The NBB concentration is measured by means of a 6705 UV visible spectrophotometer JENWAY. The wave length corresponding to the maximum absorbance is λmax=620 nm [14]. The resolution of the wavelength and bandwidth, were 1nm and 0.5 nm. The cells used during the experiments were made of 1 cm thick quartz.

 

The effects of operational parameters on NBB oxidation

The oxidation of NBB by H2O2 using (HPA Fe3+) as catalyst has been studied according to the following factors: initial pH of the solution, mass of the catalyst, H2O2 concentration and the dye concentration.        

The oxidation efficiency (discolouration) was determined as it is shown below:

DE= (C i-Cf)/Ci     *100    [19, 20].

DE: Discolouration efficiency ;

Ci: Initial dye concentration ;

Cf: Final dye concentration.

 

The effect of solution pH

In order to find the optimum pH for the oxidation of NBB, a series of experiments at initial pH values in the range 3-8 was conducted.  For more acidic pH (<3) there is a risk of dimerization of the catalyst [7], while for pH above 10, the catalyst is likely to deteriorate [7]. Fig. 2 shows the variation of the discolouration efficiency in function of time, under the following experimental conditions: (NBB concentration is 30 mg L-1, [H2O2]=0.005m M,catalystmass=0.05g).

The results presented in (Fig. 2) show that the optimum pH value for NBB oxidation by H2O2 using Wells-Dawson-type heteropolyanion iron substituted as catalyst is achieved at pH 3 (DE=82.37% after 70 min of treatment). A similar behavior was observed by several studies reported in the literature [19, 20]. This result can be explained by the stability of the catalyst at this pH. It has also been shown that the catalytic efficiency of the Fe3+/H2O2 system towards the oxidation of organic dyes is better at pH= 3 than the other pH [22, 23].  

At neutral pH, the discolouration efficiency increases (51.36% is reached after 89 min of treatment). Previous studies [24, 25] showed that the addition of iron (Fe3+) to the heteropolyanionic matrix extends the working pH range of the Fe3+/H2O2 system up to neutral pH.

H2O2 molecules are unstable in alkaline solution [26-27] and therefore, the degradation of dye decreases in alkaline solution (DE=33% after 89 min of treatment).

The optimal value is chosen pH = 3.

The effect of the nature of the acid used to adjust the pH

To evaluate the influence of these anions such as SO42−, NO3−, Cl, PO43− on the oxidation of NBB dye by a catalytic system (HPA Fe3+)/H2O2, we adjusted the pH of an aqueous solution of NBB by different acids H2SO4, HNO3, HCl and H3PO4 at previously established optimum pH=3.

Fig. 3 shows the effect of these acid ions (chloride, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate) on the dye oxidation. Depending on the nature of the acids, the discoloration efficiency is about 82.37%, 70%, 57.8% and 11.6 % in the presence of HCl, H2SO4, HNO3 and H3PO4 acids respectively after 70 min of treatment.

It appears that the presence of phosphate ions inhibits the oxidation. These results agree with those found at the degradation of other organic pollutants [28]. The inhibitory effect of phosphate ions may be due to the catching of OH radicals according to the following equation:

HO.  + H2PO4→  H2PO4. + OH-                             (1)

HO.+PO43-               → OH-+ PO42-                                        (2)

The effect of catalyst mass

It was shown [19] that (HPA Fe3+) can catalyze the decomposition of H2O2. The reaction of H2O2 with a complex containing Fe3+  result in the reduction of Fe3+ to Fe2+ with apparition of HO.2.

The action of H2O2 on the complex of Fe2+ leads to the generation of hydroxyl radicals OH. These hydroxyl radicals cause the degradation of the dye.

In agreement with the mechanism proposed below, we can propose the following mechanism:

(HPA Fe3+)  + H2O2   →  (HPA Fe2+) + HO.2           (3)

 

(HPA Fe2+)  + H2O2         (HPA Fe3+)  + 2OH.        (4)

 

The catalyst mass is one of the critical parameters in catalytic oxidation process. In the present study, the influence of different catalyst mass [m((HPA Fe3+)) = [ 0g – 0.08g]on the decolorization efficiency of NBB is illustrated in (Fig.4). The concentration of hydrogen peroxide is fixed as 0.05mM, and NBB concentration is 30 mg L-1.

 

Fig. 3:   Effect of the nature of the acid used to adjust the pH (pH = 3, Ci=30mg/L, [H2O2]=0.005m M, catalyst mass=0.05g)

 

Fig. 4: Effect of catalyst mass on NBB oxidation (pH=3, [Ci]= 30mg/L, [H2O2]=0.005mM).

 

It can be seen from the results that the decolorization efficiency of NBB oxidation increase when increasing the catalyst mass. This is due to the fact that (HPA Fe3+) plays a very important role in the decomposition of H2O2 to generate the OH.. The lower degradation capacity of the catalyst at small mass (0g-0.005g) is probably due to the lowest of OH.radicals producing a variable for oxidation, for higher mass of catalyst(0.005g-0.08g), there is a decrease of  the decolorization efficiency. The decrease of  the decolorization efficiecy of (NBB) oxidation by the increase the catalyst mass can be explained by the presence of the reaction (5) which enters in competition, at higher (HPA Fe3+) mass, with (NBB) oxidation reaction :  

HPA Fe2+  + OH.  →   HPA Fe3+    + OH-               (5)

Consequently, a mass of (HPA Fe3+) of 0.005g was chosen throughout this work.

 

The effect of initial H2O2 concentration

The effect of H2O2 concentration is an important parameter for NBB degradation and for the decolorization efficiency. This effect was studied by varying the H2O2 concentration from 0.003 mM to 0.2 mM in the following optimal conditions: pH=3, NBB concentration is 30 mg L-1,  catalyst  mass=0.005g).

According to the results shown above (Fig.5), the critical H2O2 concentration for the degradation of 30 mg L-1 NBB is about 0.08mM.

The activation of hydrogen peroxide by homogeneous catalysts was attributed to the formation of highly active hydroxyl radicals [29]. High concentrated H2O2 solution undergoes self quenching of .OH radicals, with formation of hydro peroxyl radicals HO2.. Although HO2. Is an effective oxidant itself, its potential oxidation is much lower than that of .OH radicals [30].

H2O2+OH → H2O + HO2•      …..k = 2,7 × 107  mol-1 L s-1  (6)

HO2 + OH → H2O + O2   ….   k = 0,71 × 1010 mol-1 L s-1  (7)

OH + OH → H2O2   …… k = 5,2 × 109 mol-1 L s-1          (8)

 

 

Fig. 5: Effet of initial H2O2 concentration on NBB oxidation (pH=3, [Ci]= 30mg/L,  catalyst  mass=0.005g)

 

Fig. 6:  Effect of initial dye concentration on NBB oxidation (pH=3, [catalyst  mass=0.005g, [H2O2]=0.01mM

 

The effect of the NBB concentration:

The study of the initial concentration effect of NBB dye on the oxidation kinetics   was carried out from a concentration of 10 mg/L to 50 mg/L.

From Fig.6, we can note that the oxidation kinetics decreases with increasing the initial concentration of the dye. This result is in agreement with existing literature [30].

This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that increasing the initial concentration of dye leads to an increase in the number of molecules  of (NBB) , while the number of the  radicals hydroxyls remain constant (H2O2 concentration and catalyst kept constant), thereby causing a decrease in the discoloration efficiency [31].

 

Fig. 7 : UV-Vis spectra of NBB water solutions during the treatment process with Fe(III)P2W12MO6/H2O2 system. (pH=3, [catalyst  mass=0.005g, [H2O2]=0.01mM.

UV- Vis absorbance spectra of dye before and after oxidation

The UV-vis absorbance spectra of the NBB before and after oxidation are shown in Fig. 7. In general, the absorbance at 400-700 nm corresponds to the n/p*transition of the azo and hydrazone forms, which is the origin of the color of azo dyes and is used to monitor the decoloration. The absorbance at 200-400 nm was attributed to then/p* transitions in benzene and naphthalene rings of azo dyes [32]. These four characteristic bands were markedly weakened during the degradation reaction, tending to disappears completely after 80 minutes, without the appearance of new absorption bands in the visible or ultraviolet regions due to destruction of the chromophoric and auxochromic structures by oxidation reaction.

 

The mineralization study of NBB

A complete mineralization of the dye molecules is always a major concern in catalysis because if this is not sufficiently accomplished, it may result in the formation of even more toxic intermediates. Therefore, it is always desirable to degrade the dye molecules into smaller and less toxic species such as carbon dioxide, water and ionic species. Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis which measures the amount of carbon chemically bound. 

The mineralization of aqueous NBB solution can be monitored by measuring the TOC evolution during oxidation process.

The TOC removal ratio (TOC) is defined as follows:

TOC (%) = (1-TOC t) / TOC

The TOC values as a function of the time which is shown in Table 1.

As Table 1 shows, TOC decreased with the increasing reaction time. TOC removal was obtained at 250 min. This signifies a fairly high degree of complete mineralization of NBB which is essential for efficient dye pollution treatment.

 

A comparative study of oxidation of NBB in the presence of [H1,2Cu2,4P2W12Mo6O61, 21H2O]

In this study we compared the catalytic activity of an iron substituted Dawson-type heteropolyanion (HPA Fe3+)] with a copper substituted heteropolyanion [H1.2Cu2.4P2W12Mo6O61 21H2O]. The compound [H1.2Cu2.4P2W12Mo6O61 21H2O] was prepared, by the addition of Cu2+ ions to the Dawson acid form H6P2W12-Mo6O62 24H2O according to the methods described in the literature [33].The experiments were conducted under the same conditions as previously mentioned, by taking into consideration the optimised parameters. The results are illustrated in (Fig. 8).

 

Fig. 8: Comparison of oxidation of NBB using Dawson- type iron -substituted heteropolyanion  and Dawson- type copper -substituted heteropolyanion as catalysts  Experimental condition: [pH=3, [catalyst  mass=0.005g, [H2O2]=0.01mM.

Several Cu-containing systems for homogeneous catalytic decomposition of H2O2 have recently been demonstrated [32, 35].

Through these results, it is clear that the iron substituted heteropolyanion (HPA Fe3+) is more effective compared to that of copper substituted heteropolyanion (HPA Cu2+).

All compounds used catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and the formation of hydroxyl radicals OH. The extent of peroxide to hydroxyl radical conversion was, however different from the particular substituted heteropolyanions.

The findings of this study are consistent with other results reported in the literature [23]

 

Table1. TOC removal ratio on the miniralization of NBB solution at different reaction time. (pH=3, [catalyst  mass] =0.005g, [H2O2]=0.01mM, [NBB]=30mg/L).


CONCLUSIONS

The oxidation of an azo dye (NBB), in an aqueous solution, by H2O2 in presence Dawson- type iron -substituted heteropolyanion (HPA Fe3+) as catalyst was studied.

The optimum conditions had been determined, and it was found that the efficiency of the degradation obtained after 15 minutes of reaction, was about 100%.

The optimal parameters were: initial pH=3; [H2O2]0=0.08 mM; catalyst mass=0.005g; for a concentration of dye [NBB]0=30 mg L-1.

Total organic carbon (TOC) analysis revealed degree of complete mineralization of naphtol blue black (91.35 % TOC removal after 260 min) which minimizes the possible formation of toxic degradation by-products such as the aromatic amines.

(HPA Fe3+) is more effective compared to that of copper substituted heteropolyanion (HPA Cu2+).

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This work was supported by the Engineering Environmental Laboratory of Badji Mokhtar University (Annaba-Algeria.)

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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