Effective removal of hexavalent mercury from aqueous solution by modified polymeric nanoadsorbent

Document Type : Original Research Paper

Authors

1 Babol University of Technology, P.O.Box 484, Babol, Iran.

2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Babol University of Technology, P.O.Box 484, Babol, Iran.

Abstract

Mercury is one of the most toxic metals present in the environment. Adsorption has been proposed among the technologies for mercury adsorbent. The kinetics of adsorption depends on the adsorbent concentration, and the physical and chemical characteristics of adsorbent. In this study we were used a novel adsorbent, magnetite-polyrhodanine core- shell nanoparticles, for removing Hg(II) from aqueous solution. The effect of pH, initial Hg(II) concentration, initial adsorbent concentration and contact time on the efficiency of Hg(II) removal were investigated systematically by batch experiments. The maximum adsorption capacity was obtained 29.14 mg g-1 at PH=6.5 and 25°C with 10 g L-1 nano adsorbent. The kinetic data of adsorption of Hg(II) ion on the synthesized adsorbent were best described by a pseudo- second- order equation, indicating their chemical adsorption. The Freundlich, Langmuir and Temkin isotherms were used to modeling of mercury adsorption on Hg(II) in aqueous medium which modeled best by the Freundlich isotherm is whole concentration rage.

Keywords

Full Text

INTRODUCTION

Water pollution by heavy metal ions has become a serious problem nowdays [1-2]. The heavy metal ions are not only toxic to living organisms in water, but also harmful effects to land animals including humans through food chain transfer [3-4]. The existence of heavy metals in wastewaters contributes to water toxicity and represents an increasing danger for the environment, human beings and other living organisms [5].

Mercury is well known for its extremely high toxicity and the servious threat to human life and natural environment. Inorganic mercury in water is mainly seen in the +2 oxidation state. Mercury is released into the atmosphere through a variety of natural sources [6]. The world of organization (WHO) recommends a maximum uptake of 0.3 mg/week and 1 μg/L as maximum acceptable concentration in drinking water [7].

Various processes and methods such as adsorption, electrochemical treatment, membrane separation, solvent extraction, ion exchange, amalgamation and chemical precipitation have been employed to remove metal pollutants from aqueous solutions [8-18]. However, most of these methods suffer from low removal efficiency, especially when large volumes of dilute heavy metal solution are present [19]. Among the available technological alternatives for the removal of trace metals from water, adsorption has been considered an economically feasible one [20-24]. Different adsorbents such as activated carbon [25], zeolites [26, 27], resins [28], biosorbents [29], hydrogel and magnetic hydrogel [30-31] have been used for removal of heavy metal ions by adsorption. Despite the availability of a number of adsorbents for the removal of low concentrations of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions, there is still a need for the development of new adsorbent with superior adsorption capacity, facile adsorption-desorption kinetics, high stability, and easiness of operation. Recently, nanometer-sized materials have been used for wastewater treatment [32-34]. In particular, the use of magnetite nanoparticles as adsorbents in water treatment provides a convenient approach for separating and removing the contaminants by applying external magnetic fields. Bare magnetite nanoparticles are susceptible to air oxidation and are easily aggregated in aqueous systems [35]. Thus, for the application of these nanoparticles in various potential fields the stabilization of the iron oxide particles by surface modification is desirable. The magnetic structure of the surface layer, which is usually greatly different from that in the core of the nanoparticles, can have a notable effect on the magnetic properties of nanoparticles [36].

Polyrhodanine has attracted considerable attention in various application fields such as anticorrosion [37], antibacterial [38], and antihistaminic agents [39]. In addition, they can be used for detecting or adsorbing of metal ions because the Rhodanine mono- meric unit has a metal-binding functional groups. Polyrhodanine can be expected as a promising candidate for efficient adsorbent of heavy metal ions because it contains oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur atoms in its monomeric structure [40-42].

There are many reports on the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNP) as sorbent for removal of heavy metal ions. Unmodified magnetic Fe2O3 and Cu(II) ion imprinted Fe3O4 nanoparticles were employed as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) [43] and Cu(II) [44], respectively, from wastewater. Zhu and coworkers have investigated a removal of mercury ions from aqueous solutions by Modifying activated carbon (MAC) with hybrid ligands. Kinetics and isotherm studies demonstrated that the Hg sorption by MAC was faster (200%) than that by AC, suggesting a high affinity of MAC for Hg ions. The sorption by MAC occurred in a wider pH range (4-10 vs. 5-7), and low ionic strength appeared to enhance Hg sorption. In another work, Ian and coworkers was used Carapace from the edible crab for the biosorption of Hg from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies were used to determine the effects of contact time, pH, concentration, particle size and Cu(II) as a co-ion. Results indicated that, the removal of Hg was fast and efficient, attaining >80.0% from 500 mg/L by 60 min [45-46].

The aim of this work was to study the influence of experimental parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage on Hg (II) removal. The best kinetic and isotherm models were found from experimental data.

 

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Synthesis of adsorbent

The synthesis of Polyrhodanine coated Magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4@PRh) was in accordance with previously published work of our research team [47].

 

Batch removal experiments

Adsorption of Hg(II) was carried out by batch technique at room temperature. The isotherm studies were performed by mixing 10 mg adsorbent (dry) with 10 ml of solution containing Hg(NO3)2 at known concentration into a tube and insert in the shaker. In all experiments, the flasks were shaken at 350 rpm on the orbital shaker at room temperature. After agitation, the adsorbent was separated by filtration, then metal analysis of the solutions was performed by ICP (ICPS-7000 Sequential Plasma Spectrometer).

The equilibrium concentration of the adsorbed Hg(II), qe (in mg g-1) was calculated according to the following equation:

              (1)

Where C0 and Ce (in mg L-1) are the initial and equilibrium concentrations of Hg(II) in solution, respectively, V (in L) is the total volume of solution, and M (in g) is the adsorbate mass.

The effect of PH on adsorption was conducted by mixing adsorbent (10 g L-1) with Hg aqueous solution (10 ml, C0,Hg(II)=50 mg L-1). The PH was adjusted in the range of 2-12, by adding appropriate amount of 0.1M HCl (hydrochloric acid) or 0.1M NaOH (Sodium hydroxide). The flask was shaken at 350 rpm on shaker for 5 hours. The optimum pH selected was 6.5.

Kinetic studies were performed under similar conditions used for isotherm studies and at pH 6.5 which was the optimum pH for Hg(II) removal. In these studies aliquots of the supernatant were withdrawn for Hg(II) analysis at different periods time.

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Characterization of Nanocomposite

Fig. 1 show TEM and FTIR analysis of Fe3O4-Polyrhodanine core-shell nanocomposite. Fig. 1(a) indicates the morphology of the core-shell nanoparticles was rather homogeneous and a thin film of polyrhodanine was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The dark spaces are magnetite nanoparticles (core) and the clear spaces are polyrhodanine (shell). The mean diameter of core and shell is 15 and 8 nm, respectively. Fig. 1(b) shows FTIR spectra of the Fe3O4-polyrhodanine core-shell structure. All Peaks in the core–shell structure exist in the core( Fe3O4) and shell (Polyrhodanine) structure, which indicate that there is some interaction between PRh and magnetite nanoparticles. The peaks at 594, 1697, 1450 and 1195 cm-1 were observed. These peaks were attributed to the stretching vibration of Fe-O, C–C groups, C–N, and C–O stretching vibration, respectively[48, 49].

 

 

Fig. 1: a) TEM and b) FTIR images of polyrhodanine-Fe3O4 nanocomposite

Effects of PH

It is well documented that solution PH is an important parameter affecting the sorption of heavy metal ions. Therefore, the dependence of Hg(II) uptake on PH was studied at a constant Hg(II) concentration (10 mg.L-1) using 10 mg of nanoadsorbent. As shown in Fig. 2, Hg(II) adsorption increase with increasing PH in the range of 2-6.5 and decrease with increasing PH in the range of 6.5-12. Thus, PH 6.5 was adopted for further studies.

The adsorption of the metal ions on adsorbent depends on the nature of the adsorbent surface and species distribution of the metal ions. Lower adsorption percentage of Hg(II) on nanoparticles at acidic conditions (PH≤7) is probably due to the presence of high concentration of H+ ions on the adsorbent surface competing with Hg(II) for adsorption sites. The adsorption at PH above 7 shows a decreasing trend because Polyrhodanine destroyed in alkaline environment.

 

 

 

Fig. 2: Effect of pH on the adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine

 

 

Effects of nanoadsorbent dosage

For investigation effect of nanoadsorbent dosage on adsorption efficiency was conducted by mixing amounts of nanoadsorbent (0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.2 gr) in Hg aqueous solution (10 ml, C0,Hg(II)= 50 mg L-1). All experiments were performed at 25 ˚C and in the solution PH 6.5. In Fig. 3 Hg(II) adsorption increase with increasing nanoadsorbent in the range of 0.05-0.1 gr and is approximately independent of nanoadsorbent in the range of 0.1-0.2 gr. Thus, 0.1 gr of nanoadsorbent was adopted for further studies.

 

Fig. 3:  Effect of adsorbent dosage on the adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 -Polyrhodanine

 

 

 

Effects of contact time and the metal sorption kinetics

Fig. 4 shows the time dependant behavior of the removal of Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution by the nanoadsorbents. From the plot, it is clear that the removal amount of Hg(II) increased as the contact time elapsed. The equilibrium time was reached within 30 min. The initial adsorption rate was very fast which may be due to the existence of greater number of nanoadsorbent sites available for metal ion adsorption. As the remaining vacant surface sites decreases, the adsorption rate slowed down due to the formation of repulsive forces between the metals on the solid surface and in the liquid phase.

The pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, first-order and second-order kinetic equations were chosen to fit the obtained adsorption kinetics data and to estimate the rate constant of the adsorption phenomenon.

 

 

Fig. 4:  Effects of contact time on the adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 -Polyrhodanine

 

First-order model

The linear form of first-order rate equation is the following:

                   (2)

Where C0 is initial concentration (mg L-1), Ct is the concentration at any time t, t in time (min) and K1 is the rate constant of first-order adsorption (min-1). Fig. 5 shows a plot of Ln(C0/Ce) versus t.

 

 

Fig. 5:   First- order kinetic model for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

Second-order model

The linear form of second-order rate equation is expressed as:

                (3)

Where C0 is initial concentration (mg L-1), Ct is the concentration at any time t, t in time (min) and K1 is the rate constant of second-order adsorption (g mg-1 min-1). Plot of 1/Ct versus t shows in Fig. 6.

 

 

Fig. 6:  Second –order kinetic model for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

 

Pseudo-first-order model

The sorption kinetics may be described by a pseudo-first-order equation [50]. The linear form of pseudo-first-order rate equation is expressed as:

    (4)

Where qe and q are the amount of species adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg g-1) at equilibrium and at any time t, respectively, and K1 is the rate constant of pseudo-first-order adsorption (min-1). Fig. 7 shows a plot of linearized form of pseudo-first-order at all concentrations studied. The slope and intercepts of plot of Ln(qe – q) versus t were used to determine the pseudo-first-order rate constant K1 and equilibrium adsorption density qe. a comparison of the results with the correlation coefficients is shown in table 1.

 

 

Fig. 7:   Pseudo– first- order kinetic model for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

Pseudo-second-order model

The adsorption kinetics may also be described by a pesudo-second-order equation [51]. The linear form is the following:

            (5)

Where t is time (min), qe and qt are the amount of species adsorbed per unit mass of adsorbent (mg g-1) at equilibrium and at any time t, respectively, and K2 is the rate constant of pseudo-second-order adsorption (g mg-1 min-1). The straight line in plot of t/qt versus t (Fig. 8) shows the good agreement of experimental data with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model for dofferent initial concentrations. As shown in table 1, the adsorption of Hg(II) onto Fe3O4-PRh nanoparticles is more appropriately described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model since its correlation coefficient (1.00) is greater than other.

 

 

Fig. 8:  Pseudo- second- order kinetic model for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

 

Effect of Initial Hg(II) Concentration and Metal Sorption Isotherm

Lead adsorption is significantly influenced by the initial concentration of Hg+2 ions in aqueous solution. In the present study, the initial Hg+2 concentration is varied from 50 to 300 mg/L while maintaining the adsorbent dosage at 10 g/L (PH= 6 and time= 5 h). Fig. 9 shows the effect of initial concentration on percentage removal of Hg2+ ions.

The experimental data were fitted to Langmuir [52], Freundlich [53] and Temkin [54] isotherm model.

 

 

 

Fig. 9:  Effect of initial Hg (II) concentration for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4 –Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

 

Langmuir isotherm

The Langmuir model represents chemisorption on a set of well defined localized adsorption site, having the same adsorption energies independent of surface coverage and no interaction between adsorbed molecules. Langmuir isotherm assumes monolayer coverage of adsorbate onto adsorbent. The linear form of the Langmuir equation is given by:

          (6)

Where Ce is the equilibrium concentration of metal (mg/L), Q0 and b are Langmuir constants related to adsorption capacity and adsorption energy respectively. The plot of Ce/qe against Ce gives a straight line (Fig. 10) showing the applicability of Langmuir isotherm. The values of Q0 and b are obtained from slope and intercept of the plot and are presented in table 2. The essential characteristics of the Langmuir isotherm can be expressed by a dimensionless constant called, the equilibrium parameter RL defined by:

               (7)

Where C0 is the initial Hg(II) ion concentration (mg/L). As the RL values obtained lies between 0 and 1, the adsorption process is favorable.

 

 

Fig. 10:  Langmuir isotherm plot for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4-Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

 

Freundlich isotherm:

Freundlich isotherm gives an expression encompassing the surface heterogeneity and the exponential distribution of active sites and their energies. This isotherm dose not predict any saturation of the adsorbent surface; thus, infinite surface coverage is predicted, indicating physisorption on the surface. The linear representation of the freundlich adsorption equation is:

      (8)

Where KF is the energy term and n is an exponent term related to the strength of the adsorption. The Freundlich plot is shown in Fig. 11 and the KF and 1/n parameters with the corresponding determination coefficient, R2, are presented in Table 2.

 

 

Fig. 11: Freundlich isotherm plot for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4-Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

Temkin isotherm

This isotherm contains a factor that explicitly taking into the account of adsorbent-adsorbate interactions. The linear model is given by the following equation:

  (9)

                     (10)

Where KT is Temkin isotherm equilibrium binding constant (L/g), BT is Temkin isotherm constant, R is universal gas constant (8.314 J mol-1 K-1), T is temperature at 298 K and BT is constant related to heat of sorption (J/mol). The Temkin plot is shown is Fig. 12 and KT, BT and R2 are presented in table 2.

Table 2 shows that the adsorption behavior of Hg(II) ions onto the magnetic nanoparticles is best described by Freundlich isotherm model because this model yields a higher determination coefficient.

 

 

Fig. 12: Temkin isotherm plot for adsorption of Hg (II) onto Fe3O4-Polyrhodanine at 25 ◦C

 

 

 

Table 1: Kinetic parameters for Hg(II) sorption onto nanocomposite

 

 

 

Table 2: Isotherm models for Hg(II) sorption onto nanocomposite

 

 

 

CONCLUSIONS

The obtained results indicate that magnetite- polyrhodanine is a suitable and effective adsorbent for the removal of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions. Its adsorption capacity at PH 6.5 is 29.14 mg g-1. It was found that the adsorption behavior of Hg(II) ions onto the adsorbent is best described by the Freundlich isotherm model and Hg(II) showed fast sorption kinetics following pseudo- second- order model.

 

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this manuscript.

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