Sadhana Jadaun; Usha Sharma; Ringshangphi Khapudang; Saleem Siddiqui
Abstract
Conventional food packaging materials such as plastic or other petro-based polymers provide the necessary strength and barrier qualities, but they are associated with economic and environmental associated hazards. In order to have a material that can effectively compete with petroleum-based plastics, ...
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Conventional food packaging materials such as plastic or other petro-based polymers provide the necessary strength and barrier qualities, but they are associated with economic and environmental associated hazards. In order to have a material that can effectively compete with petroleum-based plastics, the ecofriendly biodegradable biopolymer reinforced bio-nanocomposites from renewable agricultural biomass can be a promising alternative. Lignocellulosic biomass from agricultural wastes can serve as promising raw material for nanocellulose extraction. This review focuses on extensive studies done on pretreatment, isolation of nanocellulose along with their role as reinforcement agent in various biopolymers such as poly-lactic acid, starch, chitosan, alginate and carrageenan. The uniqueness of this review is to give readers a thorough overview of the impact of nanocellulose on the mechanical, barrier, and thermal properties of biopolymeric film. The review will also provide a comprehensive understanding of the supply chain’s elements, their opportunity and constraints for shifting the sustainable production system of cellulose nanocomposites towards circular economy. Efforts have also been made to combine all the recent studies related to key aspects and engineering of nanocellulose biocomposites. The concept of 3D/4D printing technology of cellulose nanocomposites in conjunction with Shape Memory Polymers (SMP) in the domain of commercial development of smart materials and self- folded packages for food applications has also been discussed.
Savita Sihag; Sheetal .; Jitender Pal; Monika Yadav
Abstract
The environmental concern occurs due to the extreme use of synthetic materials that have been fortified to develop innovative, multifunctional, and sustainable materials using copious lignocellulosic biomass. In this present study, work was done on the extraction of nanocellulose from wheat straw, and ...
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The environmental concern occurs due to the extreme use of synthetic materials that have been fortified to develop innovative, multifunctional, and sustainable materials using copious lignocellulosic biomass. In this present study, work was done on the extraction of nanocellulose from wheat straw, and found that wheat straw is an admirable source of cellulose. Chemical processes were used to isolate the cellulose and remove unwanted lignin and hemicellulose from wheat straw followed by sonication, cryo-crushing, and magnetic stirring to achieve nanocellulose. The observed amount of cellulose (36.1%), hemicellulose (30.3%), lignin (17%), and ash content (9.2%) of raw wheat straw. Structural, morphological, and thermal characterization were estimated from FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, DSC, TGA, and AFM for the identification and characterization of extracted cellulose from wheat straw. FTIR showed that the peaks at wavelength 1430.50 cm-1 and 1638.41 cm-1 both show that cellulose is present in the extracted nanocellulose. Extracted nanocellulose was crystalline and had a 68.96% Crystallinity Index. Morphological analysis, FESEM showed that the untreated wheat straw has an irregular porous structure but the extracted nanocellulose has a regular shape having straight fibers connected. TEM analysis showed that the extracted nanocellulose has a spherical shape structure connected, showing the regular shape, the obtained spherical shape regulates the nanocellulose for further applications. Thermal degradation was observed using TGA which shows that the nanocellulose decomposition was observed around 3600C. AFM determination shows a bell-shaped structure on a smooth surface with a particle height of 3.2 nm and the mean roughness of 110.4 nm was obtained from the extracted nanocellulose. Extracted nanocellulose has a particle size of 58.77 nm.