Savita Sihag; Sheetal .; Jitender Pal; Monika Yadav
Abstract
The environmental concern occurs due to the extreme use of synthetic materials that have been fortified to develop innovative, multifunctional, and sustainable materials using copious lignocellulosic biomass. In this present study, work was done on the extraction of nanocellulose from wheat straw, and ...
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The environmental concern occurs due to the extreme use of synthetic materials that have been fortified to develop innovative, multifunctional, and sustainable materials using copious lignocellulosic biomass. In this present study, work was done on the extraction of nanocellulose from wheat straw, and found that wheat straw is an admirable source of cellulose. Chemical processes were used to isolate the cellulose and remove unwanted lignin and hemicellulose from wheat straw followed by sonication, cryo-crushing, and magnetic stirring to achieve nanocellulose. The observed amount of cellulose (36.1%), hemicellulose (30.3%), lignin (17%), and ash content (9.2%) of raw wheat straw. Structural, morphological, and thermal characterization were estimated from FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, DSC, TGA, and AFM for the identification and characterization of extracted cellulose from wheat straw. FTIR showed that the peaks at wavelength 1430.50 cm-1 and 1638.41 cm-1 both show that cellulose is present in the extracted nanocellulose. Extracted nanocellulose was crystalline and had a 68.96% Crystallinity Index. Morphological analysis, FESEM showed that the untreated wheat straw has an irregular porous structure but the extracted nanocellulose has a regular shape having straight fibers connected. TEM analysis showed that the extracted nanocellulose has a spherical shape structure connected, showing the regular shape, the obtained spherical shape regulates the nanocellulose for further applications. Thermal degradation was observed using TGA which shows that the nanocellulose decomposition was observed around 3600C. AFM determination shows a bell-shaped structure on a smooth surface with a particle height of 3.2 nm and the mean roughness of 110.4 nm was obtained from the extracted nanocellulose. Extracted nanocellulose has a particle size of 58.77 nm.
Sheetal .; Savita Sihag; Monika Yadav; Jitender Pal
Abstract
This study is focused on the synthesis and characterization of cotton straw residue. Nanocellulose was synthesized by chemical method and followed by ultrasonication and cryocrushing. The results of the present study show that the cotton straw residue consists of lignin (27%), hemicellulose (15%), cellulose ...
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This study is focused on the synthesis and characterization of cotton straw residue. Nanocellulose was synthesized by chemical method and followed by ultrasonication and cryocrushing. The results of the present study show that the cotton straw residue consists of lignin (27%), hemicellulose (15%), cellulose (32%), and ash content (2.3%). Nanocellulose was characterized by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM, DSC, TGA, and AFM. Two aromatic rings were observed at wavelength 1650.47cm-1 and 1436.53 cm-1 which indicates that there is a presence of cellulose in the prepared sample which was characterized by FTIR. The structural analysis shows that the material was amorphous and the nanocellulose crystallinity is 23 %. The morphological analysis using FESEM indicates even elongated fiber with a smooth surface and it contains pore in the nanocellulose of cotton residue. TEM analysis indicates that nanocellulose has an irregular shape with a circular rod-like structure of different sizes. The enthalpy of nanocellulose changes at 168.48℃ due to endothermic transition. TGA results show that the nanocellulose is degraded in the temperature range 300-355℃ and low thermal stability was observed during the experiment. AFM result shows the needle shape particle ( root square mean roughness = 0.1738nm) and the size of nanocellulose was observed 7.1 nm.